Within Module 2 on Man and Machine I have added three new subsections, all associated with physiology:

– Cardiovascular
– Neurovestibular
– Musculoskeletal

I am not a life scientist and one or two of you are not either, so I have tried to give a brief overview of physiological aspects of spaceflight that are of concern for the habitat designer.

But what this also means is that you may know a lot more about these subjects than I do.

So the assignment/assessment for this week is to pick two of the three new sections and find a relatively recent related paper (journal article, reputable conference, etc). Post the two papers (or a link to the papers) into the course Drop Box.

For each of the two papers, provide me with a 1-page synopsis of the paper,
• Listing significant findings
• Demonstrating you read (and understood) more than just the abstract
• Highlighting the particular significance to human space flight
• No duplicates! If someone else posts your paper first, you have to find another one.
• Advantage to getting started early
• Evaluative factors:
– Quality of publication media
– Quality/appropriateness of paper
– Evaluation of write-up

WEEK 2

Picking up where we last left off, it would be worthwhile for us to plan a “field trip” to Space Center Houston where we will be able to see many of the actual spacecraft we will be discussing over the next several weeks. In order to get you in at no cost, and in order to avoid the crowds we will probably need to plan this trip early in the morning (~6 AM).

Please let me know if this is something you would have difficulty participating in.
Fortunately we can get into Space Center Houston and also the Saturn V building without any difficulty. I am unable to arrange to bring foreign citizens inside of the Johnson Space Center facilities.

AN OVERVIEW OF THIS WEEK’s MATERIAL
Our subjects this week are the roles of humans in space, how they compare with the roles of machines, some of the physiological, psychological, and psycho-social aspects and difficulties of humans during spaceflight, and then how these are assimilated into the design of past spacecraft.

Our focus in this course will not primarily be on human physiology; I expect that this will be the focus of most of your other courses in this graduate program, however all of the principles we review this week will be important for factoring into aspects of the design of spacecraft. We will spend a bit more time on the physiology and human physical aspects next week as well.

There are 4 PowerPoints that cover this week’s work:

1: Man and Machine
Slide 2 highlights the different aspects of space habitat design we will be covering during the course of the semester. Much of it is introductory in nature and picks up and ends with the Explore! Theme of the first week.
Slide 3 shows past spacecraft, and 4 shows current and perhaps future space habitats.
Slide 5 illustrates what people thought we’d be doing in space more than fifty years ago, in a famous piece of art by the noted space illustrator Chesley Bonestell, and a comparison view from the first year of the space station program, with what we thought we’d be doing in space after about ten years.
Slide 6 illustrates that 1984 concept with current actual images of ISS, Shuttle and the Hubble telescope.
Slides 7-8 – We will be covering a lot of the basic terminology of space life sciences, human factors and habitability during the course of this week’s material.
Slides 9 – 12 – Although people have been flying in space for nearly fifty years, the total amount of experience is not tremendous and these paes provide some of the stats.
Slides 13 – 59 – Provides an overview of the effects of space travel on humans.

2: Physiology of Spaceflight
Set 1, above, and particularly slides 13-59 provide an overview of the physiological effects of the space environment on the human.
Set 2, is primarily an overview of the physiological factors of the spacecraft and systems, and how they must be designed in order to protect for human sensitivities.

3: Psychosocial Issues in Space Flight
While we’ve focused mainly on human physiological concerns (set 1) and ways in which spacecraft can be designed in order to mitigate those concerns (set 2), set 3 reviews psychological and psychosocial aspects of spaceflight, especially as they are instigated by remote operations, isolated in a hostile environment. Mainly we look at three earth-based case studies and how the outcomes reflected in these may have implications for space missions. Several personality assessment methods are highlighted.

4. Human Factors
Here we will talk about what is considered in human factors and methods that are used in assessing human factors of a habitat design. As examples of the use of these methods, we review in several pages some of the physical tools used in designing the space station and other space habitats. We start back at the beginnings of the space station program in the mid-1980s, and then take a look at the present day configuration of the space station and whether (or not) the work done 25 years ago translated into the space station as it flies today.

5. Habitability in Spacecraft Design
I am providing this set of slides although this will mainly be part of week 3, when we get more into the design considerations of individual spacecraft. However I am providing this because starting with page 56, I provide some examples of other school’s projects that are similar to your semester long class project. Please take a look but we will spend more time on the individual spacecraft, systems as well as environmental effects over the next several weeks.

There are a number of referenced web pages, including YOUTUBE videos that are identified in the different PowerPoints. For your ease of selection on the computer, these are provided here. One reference URL I provide is for the ISS Reference Guide. This is the digital version of the book I wrote a couple years ago. If you visit my office, either at the University or my OX office at NASA, we can provide you with a hardcopy of the book.

Human factors in commercial suborbital flight: What does acceleration do to the human body?
http://www.thespacereview.com/article/402/1

Heavy ions light flashes and brain functions: recent observations at accelerators and in spaceflight
http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1367-2630/10/7/075010/njp8_7_075010.html

Earth to Mars in 39 Days
http://io9.com/5323516/earth-to-mars-in-39-days

Space Flight Simulation Study to Study Effects of Microgravity Through Long Term Bed Rest (FAP)
http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00891449

Robots v. Humans: Who Should Explore Space? http://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_461576326/robots_v_humans_who_should_explore_space_.html

Roles of Humans and Robots as Field Geologists on the Moon
http://www.nss.org/settlement/moon/library/LB2-401-HumanAndRobotFieldGeologists.pdf

Astronaut Explorers
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=astronaut-explorers&page=1

Interview: The driver behind NASA's Mars Rovers
http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/199499/interview_driver_behind_nasa_mars_rovers

Roles of Humans and Robots in Exploring the Solar System http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V1N-4COTBJ2-2&_user=2744299&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000058662&_version=1&_urlVersion=O&_userid=2744299&md5=731281e42a62f7d0778bb5161090d540

NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI)
http://www.google.com/search?q=neo-pi&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a

Leadership Structures
http://changingminds.org/disciplines/leadership/styles/lewin_style.htm

Management Grid
http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_73.htm

Leadership vs. Management
http://ezinearticles.com/?Abraham-Zaleznik-on-Leadership&id=923110

The Ben Franklin Submersible
http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/FRANKLIN/HTML/ben_franklin.html

Diving in the Huautla Cave
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yefQb1y6uQg

ISS Reference Guide
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/ISS_Reference_Guide.html

Interactive ISS Reference Guide
http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/ISSRG/

Video of John Glenn Inside of Mercury Spacecraft
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5soUes2-LrU&feature=related

Videos of Gemini Missions Showing Spacecraft

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fMKcDsdXWB0&feature=PlayList&p=DCA272E671AA3D78&index=0&playnext=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qURM12UZxcg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGkU7RuBzi8&feature=channel

Videos of Apollo Command Service Modules

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fs8gkiap6U

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4KcmbsFWsA&feature=related

Video of Vostok 1 providing good views inside spacescraft

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2C1FkPz5vU&feature=related

Videos of Voskhod Mission providing good views inside spacescraft

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5G0E3Jw_er0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LtanDrCZnW0&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fts1543xPRE&feature=related

Video of Skylab providing good views of interior

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sa-_Knre68&feature=channel

Video of Tour inside of Mir

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBONpY3TxN8&feature=related

Video Tour Inside of ISS

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgBgmw-2U8c

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-yIqxoMBVU&feature=channel

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srQdr6kGii4&feature=channel

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lswCuvcA7YQ&feature=channel

Video Inside of Apollo 11 LM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWCrQm4CQ_g

Apollo Over the Moon: The View From Orbit

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/documents/NASA%20SP-362.pdf

Geology of the Terrestrial Planets

http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850010579

Geologic History of the Moon

http://ser.sese.asu.edu/GHM/

Traces of Catastrophe

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/CB-954/chapter3.pdf

Introductions

Justin recommended that we meet at some point, and I'd support that if we can settle on a time and place.

Any recommendations ?

But in the mean time, let's introduce ourselves to the rest of the group ?

My complete profile is off on the left side, but in brief, I work for NASA but currently am on assignment to the University of Houston teaching this course and another on space project management, and also working towards my PhD.

My undergrad is in Geology-mainly planetary, and I had minors in Astronomy and Education, all from the U of Massachusetts, Amherst. My Masters is in Management.

Prior to coming to the space center, I was a planetarium director for many years.

For NASA (and contractors) I worked in the Shuttle Program, Space Station Program, Spacehab, and the Space Exploration Initiative. I was one of the lead managers for the Shuttle-Mir Program.

My main contribution to spacecraft design have been on Mir, where I redesigned and built much of the hardware for the last Mir module, Priroda, and the International Space Station, where I contributed to the architecture and lay outs of the modules and developed much of the logistics system now in use.

I also write quite a bit. I've had couple books published for the public in recent years, and also wrote some of the main management and design documents of the early Space Station Program and management documents for the Mir and Spacehab programs.

READ THIS FIRST: COURSE OUTLINE AND SYLABUS

READ THIS FIRST !

Welcome to:

PEP7397 - 2009FA-34747-ADV SELECTED TOPIC HUMAN PERF

The Space Habitat : Living and Working in Space

Fall09 is the first time this course is being taught and is also the first time I am teaching an on-line course. Therefore I will always be open to your recommendations on improving processes or content associated with the course. You can provide input for all to see through the course BLOG, or directly and privately to myself via email:

gkitmacher@mail.coe.uh.edu

university phone number: 713-743-9292

NASA phone number: 281-483-1059

The course BLOG is on blogger.com. If you do not already have one, you will need to sign up for a blogger account. The course blog is:

PEP7397 Space Habitat

For your BLOG entry grade, you should sign in at least once a week. Anything related to the course is fair game; comment on assigned readings, recommend readings, resources and websites, offer ideas and alternatives, make recommendations on course content, etc.

I am not planning any face-to-face course orientations, however if you would like to meet I am available most days in Garrison room 206.

CALENDAR

24 August First Day of Class, Blackboard Vista, course resources available on-line

29 August Last day to add a class

7 September Labor Day holiday

4-10 October Midterm

8 September Last day to drop a course or withdraw without receiving a grade

4 November Last day to drop a course or withdraw with a “W”

25-28 Nov Thanksgiving holiday

5 December Last day of classes

7 December Design Project Due

9-17 Dec Final exam period

18 December Official closing of fall semester

GRADING

The way in which the course will work:

There are three grades for this course which comprise 60% of your grade:

Semester Long Design Project 20%

Midterm 20%

Cumulative Final 20%

The remaining 40% of course grades are based on a series of assessments throughout the semester:

Module quizzes, assignments, or assessments 30%

Blog entries 10%

SEMESTER DESIGN PROJECT

The Semester Long Design Project will be each individual student’s effort to design a vehicle with particular attention to the crew habitable areas. The vehicle is a

trans-planetary ‘cruiser’ which can travel from low earth orbit, to high earth orbits, lunar orbit, Near Earth Objects, or trajectories past Venus, Mars or other planets. The basic vehicle should be the same for all of these missions though the vehicle might be adapted to specific scenarios. For instance added radiation shielding may need to be provided for certain missions.

For the Design Project, of particular importance will be the attention paid to habitation functions and crew health and performance. You do not need to pay extensive attention, for instance, to engine/propulsion design, although the nature of the propulsion, such as normal chemical propulsion vs nuclear propulsion, will probably effect acceleration levels and mission duration. In addition to a detailed narrative description, you should include sketches/drawings and may include a scale model or other media. The design should be based on what you are learning in the course about space habitat design: artificial G vs zero-G, size of the habitation elements, number of habitable modules, number of crew, required resources and systems, etc.

You should begin work on the Design Project early and continue to work on it until it is due on 7 December. If you have questions, feel free to bring these up on the BLOG or talk to me directly. There are many resources in the Houston vicinity that can help to guide your thinking, and you are urged to contact some of these individuals, discuss your ideas, and research some of their reports. For instance, Prof Willliam Paloski, here in the Health and Human Performance Dept, is one of the world’s recognized experts in Artificial G. A company in the Clear Lake Area, Ad Astra, is developing a potential propulsion system for such a vehicle, called VASIMIR, and they have volunteered one of their PhDs to provide guidance to you. Some of the lecturers listed below will discuss relevant subjects. If you would like to build a scale model of your spacecraft, many resources are available on the internet, including paper/card scale models of spacecraft that you could use as the basis for your own model. Your grade on the design project will be based on your efforts and your ability to present these in a professional manner.

On-line cumulative mid-term and final will be given during normal university mid-term and finals testing periods.

TEXT

There is no text for this course. Readings and resources will be provided through Vista Blackboard and on-line.

WEEKLY COURSE MODULES

Typically one or more modules will be completed each week.

Most of the content of the course is divided into a series of ‘modules’.

Content to be completed during the following week will be on-line in the Blackboard Vista system for

PEP7397 - 2009FA-34747-ADV SELECTED TOPIC HUMAN PERF

before Sunday, each week during the semester.

e.g. for the week of August 23, content for the week will be in the folder identified Module 1: August 23-29.

Content will be available the day before, in this case on August 22.

Assignments, readings, and quizzes or other elements of each module must be completed by 11:59 PM on the last day of the module period, in this case August 29.

Content for each module will normally be in the form of:

(1) Introduction

(2) Lecture content in a PowerPoint or similar format

(3) Readings in the form of PDF files within the module folder. There will be no textbook; readings will be provided on-line.

(4) In many cases videos or other reference material content will be identified. Typically these will be at specific website URLs, such as videos in Youtube, or from other identified sources.

(5) A quiz, assignment, or other assessment associated with the module. For instance, in lieu of a quiz, you may be asked to research and provide other available resources, or to prepare a brief summary of readings or identified resources for the module. My goal for each of these weekly assessments is to verify you are keeping up with the content.

In some cases videos or other resources will be available on-line, or alternatively you may wish to purchase the original source material.

For example, we will watch several episodes of:

Moon Machines, a series from the Science Channel.

The content will be available on Youtube or alternatively for ease of use you may wish to purchase the original Moon Machines DVD which is available through Amazon, EBAY or other sources, potentially for pretty reasonable cost (under $10).

Another example: we will use Eagle Lander 3D, a flight simulator available from: http://eaglelander3d.com/

You can get by with use of their free download, trial edition, but you’ll get more out of it by using the full simulator, which allows you to fly a very accurate replica of the Lunar Module to several landing sites.

This is a lecture just before classes begin, but would be an excellent opportunity to hear from one of the genuine rocket pilots:

19 August Joe Engle, Flying the X-15 (note, this is on-site at the Johnson Space Center so

May require special arrangements for attendance) This will be recorded for later broadcast.

There are two lecture series planned for this fall;

I’ve been organizing one at UHCL which you may wish to attend live, or we may be live streaming it or recording and rebroadcasting later:

http://www.spacecenterlectureseries.com/

18 Sept Bob Thompson, Manager of the Space Shuttle throughout development

16 Oct Frank Hughes, who managed astronaut and ground training

20 Nov Franklin Chang Diaz, former astronaut developed VASIMIR

A weekly series is offered through the course :

PEP 7397: Research Using Ground-Based Spaceflight Models

26-Aug Importance of Spaceflight Analog Models Ronita Cromwell, Ph.D.

2-Sep Muscle Loss and Nutrition in Bed Rest as Related to Spaceflight Douglas Paddon-Jones, Ph.D., UTMB

9-Sep Radiation Research at Brookhaven National Laboratory Francis Cucinotta, Ph.D.

16-Sep Computer Modeling and Digital Astronaut Richard Summers, M.D. (Univ. Mississippi)

23-Sep The Haughton-Mars Project: Analog Studies for Moon and Mars Exploration Richard Scheuring, D.O.

30-Sep Research Experiences in the Australian Antarctic Science Stations Duane Pierson, Ph.D.

7-Oct Neurosensory & Sensorimotor Space Flight Analogues: Virtual Reality Deborah Harm, Ph.D.

14-Oct Rodent Studies of Cardiovascular Deconditioning Artin Shoukas, Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins Univ.)

21-Oct 20,000 mm Under the Sea: NASA’s NEEMO Project as a Spaceflight Analog Tara Ruttley, M.S. (NASA/JSC)

28-Oct Animal Models for Reduced Gravity Susan Bloomfield, Ph.D., FACSM (TX A&M)

4-Nov Ground-Based Evaluation of Artificial G Countermeasures ` William Paloski, Ph.D. (UH), Noel Skinner, M.S.

11-Nov Desert Research and Technology Studies Andrew Abercromby, Ph.D.

Attendance at lectures are not mandatory, but are recommended and would be beneficial.

COURSE OBJECTIVE:

To provide an overview to human space flight systems, operations and mission design, emphasizing:

- living and working environments

- mission requirements and constraints

- space systems design

COURSE MODULE TOPICS :

[note that this may be updated through the course of the semester]

1. Introduction: Space Exploration

A. A Brief History of Exploration

B. Aviation, Rocketry and Spaaceflight

C. Human Spaceflight

D. Why Humans in Space ?

E. Current Events: the ongoing Augustine Commission is due to deliver its options to the President on Sept 1. What options have they looked at and what are your ideas on how best to move forward ?

2. Man and Machine

A. Robots in Space

B. Space Robots

1. Basic Concepts of Robotics
2. Humans vs. Robots
3. Analyzing Functional and Operational Requirements
4. Planning and Controlling Space Robots
5. Key Design Issues for Robotic Systems

C. Computers in Space

D. Space Life Sciences

A. Muscles and Bones

B. Heart

C. Brain

D. Risks and Hazards

E. Human Factors of Crewed Spaceflight

a. Defining the Role of Human Factors in Space Missions

b. Analyzing Tasks, Allocating Functions, Assigning Workloads

c. Human Abilities and Limits

4. Environments

A. Induced Environments

a. Launch

b. Zero-G

c. Reentry and Return

B. Natural Environments

a. Earth

b. Orbit

c. Solar System

d. Moon

e. Mars

C. Flight-Crew Environment

a. Noise and vibration

b. Disorientation

c. Artificial atmosphere

d. Work-rest cycle

e. Unfamiliar environments

5. Spacecraft

A. Early Sortie Vehicles

a. Vostok

b. Voskhod

c. Mercury

d. Gemini

e. Soyuz

f. Shen Zhou

B. Flying Vehicles

a. X-15

b. Lifting Bodies: M2-F2, HL-10, X-24, X-3

c. Space Shuttle

d. Buran

C. Lunar Spacecraft

a. LO and LK

b. Apollo

c. Constellation

D. Space Stations

a. MOL

b. Merkur-Almaz

c. Skylab

d. Salyut

e. Mir

f. ISS

Spacecraft Systems

- Structures

- Power

- Thermal Control

- Environmental Control and Life Support

- Propulsion Systems, Attitude and Translation

- Extravehicular Activity (EVA)

- Command, Control, and Communications

6. Spacesuits

A. Before the Space Age

B. For Survival

C. For Spacewalking

D. For Moonwalking

7. Systems and Provisions

A. Power

B. Thermal Control

C. Environmental Control and Life Support

D. Crew Health Care

a. Environmental Monitoring

b. Exercise Countermeasures

E. Crew Accommodations, Provisions and Equipment

a. Waste Management

b. Food and Galley

c. Personal Hygiene

d. Clothing and Soft Goods

e. Restraints and Mobility Aids

f. Emergency Provisions

g. Stowage

h. Housekeeping/Trash Management

i. On Orbit Maintenance

F. Architecture

a. Integrated Workstations

b. Wardroom

c. Crew Privacy

d. Illumination

e. Interfacing Partitions and Structures

f. Inventory Management

g. Decals and Placards

h. Orientation

i. Translation

j. Viewing

k. Standardization

l. Nomenclature

m. Location Coding

G. Designing Crew Accommodations for Space Missions

H. Mission Requirements and the Design Process

8. Controls, Displays and Operations

A. Heritage from Aircraft

B. Russian Systems

C. Mercury and Gemini

D. Fly-by-Wire and the X-15

E. Apollo and the Moon

F. Space Shuttle

G. International Space Station

9. Systems Operation, Monitoring and Maintenance

- Purposes

- Tasks

- Real-Time Operations

- Documentation.

- Selection of spacecraft data

- Ground data handling and display

- Mission Preparation

- Training

10. In-Flight Crew Activities

- Flight-Plan

- Inflight Monitoring

- Flight-Crew Duties

- Spacecraft-systems management

- Manual flight control

- Navigation duties

- Integration with ground control

- Performance of scientific experiments

- Housekeeping duties

- Maintenance and Repair

- Extravehicular operations

9. Simulation

A. Acceleration

B. Altitude

C. EVA

D. Orientation

E. Mission

F. Future

10 . Orbits and Trajectories

A. Reference Systems

B. Lunar Trajectories

C. Rendezvous and Docking

D. Landing Trajectories

E. Planetary Trajectories

11. Project Management

A. Project Life Cycle

B. System Architecture

C. Requirements

D. Interfaces and Resources

E. Organizations

F. Trade Studies

12. Moon Bases and Mars Missions

A. Sizing Space Elements

B. Designing Space Elements

C. Mission Objectives

D. Requirements and Constraints

a. Preliminary Concepts

b. Critical Choices for Subsystems

c. Develop Alternative Configurations

d. Select a Baseline Configuration

e. Transfer, Entry, Landing, and Ascent Vehicles

f. Designing, Sizing, and Integrating a Surface Base

g. Planetary Surface Vehicles